A rollover IRA is an individual retirement account (IRA) that is funded by moving funds from a 401(k), 403(b), TSP, or similar retirement account into an IRA. By rolling over existing retirement funds into a rollover IRA, investors can use existing retirement funds to take advantage of a broader range of investments than are available through 401(k) investments alone.
Rollover IRAs are most often created when changing jobs or retiring, as they allow employees to move their current 401(k) or other retirement account balances into an IRA account that will offer a better array of investments and superior performance. When performing an IRA rollover, funds from existing tax-advantaged accounts can be rolled over into a new IRA tax-free. You can even roll over funds from multiple retirement accounts into a single rollover IRA, making it easier for you to consolidate and manage your retirement savings.
Rollover IRA vs. Traditional IRA
Many people are familiar with traditional IRAs. Anyone can set one up and contribute up to $6,000 a year ($7,000 for those over age 50) to an IRA account. Those contributions come from pre-tax income and, in many cases, are also tax-deductible. That allows investors to contribute to their retirement savings while gaining some nice, short-term tax benefits.
A traditional IRA allows investors to grow their retirement assets tax-free until they decide to or are required to take a distribution. By keeping taxes from eating away at investment returns over the course of a working career, investors can make greater investment gains over the long term than they otherwise would have.
A rollover IRA, by contrast, is funded from existing 401(k), 403(b), TSP, or other similar retirement accounts. Investors can choose either partial or full rollovers, moving part or all of their existing retirement account savings into a rollover IRA.
Many investors will do that after they’ve changed jobs or retired, because employer-sponsored retirement plans often don’t perform well after employees have left. Because of the cost of sponsoring and managing retirement plans, many employer-sponsored retirement plans automatically place the funds of departed or retired employees into low-yield money market or cash funds.
If you’ve recently switched employers or retired and your money is in one of those low-yield funds, you’re missing out on huge amounts of potential gains. That’s why many investors decide to use their retirement savings from previous employers to fund a rollover IRA. They maintain the productive use of the retirement assets they’ve been building up for years and allow themselves to maximize their continued potential for future gains.
Rollover IRA Rules
It’s important to remember that, just like with any retirement account, a rollover IRA is subject to various IRS guidelines and restrictions. Those include time limits on rolling over funds, regulations regarding making contributions to a rollover IRA, and of course tax issues. Before you make the decision to start a rollover IRA, it’s always a good idea to consult with your tax adviser to make sure that you don’t unknowingly subject yourself to a preventable tax liability.
IRA Rollover Time Limit
There are two types of IRA rollovers: direct and indirect. A direct rollover is the simplest and easiest type of rollover. Those can happen one of two ways.
1. In the first type of direct rollover, funds are transferred directly between custodians. So, for example, you would direct your current 401(k) plan provider to transfer your funds from your 401(k) account to your new IRA. The plan provider would take care of the transfer and you would see the funds show up in your new IRA account. The funds never touch your hands and you won’t owe any taxes.
2. In the second type of direct rollover, you can direct your 401(k) plan provider to make out a check to your new rollover IRA custodian and send it to you. You won’t owe taxes on that either, but then you’re required to send the check to your new IRA custodian. That adds an unnecessary layer of complication. If the check gets lost in the mail, gets thrown out by accident, or gets eaten by your dog, you’re going to have some explaining to do.
An indirect rollover is a rollover in which you direct your 401(k) provider to make out a check to you. Once that check is made out to you, you have 60 days either to deposit it back into your 401(k) account or to deposit it into your rollover IRA account. That’s known as the 60-day rule.
If you fail to deposit that money within 60 days, not only will you owe taxes on that distribution, you will also be charged a 10% penalty if you’re under the age of 59 ½. In many cases your 401(k) plan will also deduct an automatic 20% for tax withholding. That means that you’ll have to make up that 20% when depositing the money into your new IRA account. You’ll then receive the amount withheld refunded as a tax credit when you file your tax return. With all that difficulty, why would anyone choose an indirect rollover?
Most often, people choose indirect rollovers because they want to use part of the money for a short period of time. They intend to pay the money back, and in many cases they do. But all too often something comes up and they can’t deposit the full amount. Suddenly, they find themselves liable for taxes and penalties that they could have and should have avoided. That’s why direct rollovers between 401(k) providers and IRA custodians is almost always the best choice for most investors.
Rollover IRA Contributions
Once you’ve established a rollover IRA, you can contribute to it just like with a traditional IRA. And as with a traditional IRA, you’re limited to $6,000 in contributions per year ($7,000 if you’re over 50). But those contributions are across all IRAs, so if you have multiple IRA accounts, you are limited to that $6,000 total across all your accounts.
If you establish a rollover IRA and begin making contributions to it, you may also inhibit your ability to do a reverse rollover IRA. That’s when you roll over funds from an IRA back into a 401(k). Not every 401(k) plan allows reverse rollovers, but for those that do, it can be a useful option for those who are still working at age 70 ½ to roll over funds from an IRA into a 401(k) to lower their required minimum distributions (RMDs).
Once you contribute additional funds to a rollover IRA, you may no longer be able to roll those funds back over into a 401(k) account. That’s something you’ll want to consider before deciding to contribute additional funds to your rollover IRA.
Rollover IRA Taxes
While your 401(k) to IRA rollover is normally tax-free, a rollover IRA is taxed at the time of distribution, as with a traditional IRA. At that point the distribution is taxed at your ordinary income tax rate. If you elect to take a distribution before age 59 ½, you will incur a 10% tax penalty in addition to any income taxes you owe.
Once you reach age 70 ½, you will be required to take RMDs from your IRA accounts every year. If you fail to take the minimum RMD in a given year you can be liable for a tax penalty of up to 50% of the amount of money that you failed to distribute. As with any tax issue, be sure to consult with your tax adviser to make sure that you’re aware of the tax consequences of any financial or investment decision you make.
When to Use an IRA Rollover
Many investors choose to start a rollover IRA when they have existing 401(k) accounts from previous employers. Because those accounts are often placed into low-yield funds, rolling them over into an IRA allows those funds to be put to better use.
Some investors may also choose to start a rollover IRA if their current employer-sponsored 401(k) plan doesn’t offer enough investment options. Not every employer-sponsored plan is necessarily a good one, and limited investment options and high fees can eat away at investment gains. With a rollover IRA, investors can access a wider range of investment assets and potentially lower their annual fees.
In most cases, the closer you are to age 70 ½, the less likely you are to do a 401(k) to IRA rollover. Even though both 401(k) and IRA accounts are subject to RMDs, those still working at age 70 ½ can defer RMDs from their current employer-sponsored 401(k) accounts until they retire. While many people hope to be retired before that time, those who are still working want to minimize their RMDs so that they minimize their tax obligations.
How to Start an IRA Rollover
If you’ve decided that an IRA rollover is right for you, you just need to follow a few easy steps to initiate the rollover. You’ll want to choose the type of IRA you want to set up, assess your risk appetite, figure out your future tax liability, and then choose the type of investments you want your IRA to hold.
1. Choosing the Best Type of IRA
There are numerous types of IRAs out there, each of which has its own advantages. Make sure you know what type of IRA you want to set up before you decide on your IRA rollover.
Types of IRAs
a. Traditional
The traditional IRA is the most familiar, and they make up a large percentage of 401(k) to IRA rollovers. You can set up a traditional IRA at most brokerages, in many cases allowing you to invest in a wider array of stocks, bonds, and funds than through your 401(k) plan.
Contributions to a traditional IRA are capped at $6,000 per year ($7,000 if you’re over age 50). In most cases those contributions are tax-deductible. Gains on assets within a traditional IRA accrue tax-free and are not taxed until distribution. When you take a distribution, you are taxed at current income tax levels.
b. Roth IRA
Unlike a traditional IRA, a Roth IRA uses after-tax funds, but gains accrue tax-free and no taxes are paid when you take a distribution. Roth IRAs also don’t have to be distributed during the lifetime of the owner, so your investment funds can continue making gains for you after age 70 ½ and well into retirement.
If you decide on a 401(k) to Roth IRA rollover, that’s a type of Roth IRA conversion. That means you would owe taxes when converting your funds into a Roth account. However, you wouldn’t owe any penalties even if you make that conversion before age 59 ½.
Unlike traditional IRAs, Roth IRA contributions are subject to income limits. If you make too much money, you’re not allowed to contribute to a Roth IRA ($137,000 for single tax filers and $203,000 for married filing jointly). That doesn’t affect most investors, but if you’re above those income levels you’ll need to take this into account before deciding on a Roth IRA conversion.
c. Self-Directed IRA
A self-directed IRA is an IRA in which investors themselves are fiduciaries and responsible for making their own investments. Self-directed IRAs allow investors to make investments in a variety of alternative investments, including:
- Real estate
- Private equity
- Private bonds
- Tax lien certificates
- Commodities
Because self-directed IRAs allow a wider array of investment options, they’re generally recommended for investors who are knowledgeable, experienced, and want a greater variety of choices than the normal investing standbys of stocks, bonds, CDs, and mutual funds.
d. Precious Metals IRA
A precious metals IRA is a type of self-directed IRA that allows investors to invest in precious metals such as gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. Investors can choose from a wide array of coins, bars, and other forms of bullion that meets IRS requirements for minimum fineness.
Precious metals IRAs require investors to choose a custodian to store and safeguard their metals. When it comes time to take a distribution, investors can choose to take a distribution either in cash or in precious metals. That allows the possibility to continue benefiting from the ownership of gold, silver, and other precious metals even after they are no longer held in a tax-advantaged investment account.
e. SEP IRA
A Simplified Employee Pension Individual Retirement Arrangement (SEP IRA) is a type of IRA created to allow self-employed business owners and their employees the ability to invest for retirement through an employer-sponsored IRA program. As with traditional IRAs, SEP IRAs are taxed at ordinary income tax rates at the time of distribution.
Contributions to SEP IRAs are tax-deductible, thus benefiting employees’ tax liability. Contribution limits to a SEP IRA are in general higher than for traditional IRAs but cannot exceed the lesser of 25% of income or $56,000. Funds from an existing 401(k) plan may be rolled over into a SEP IRA.
f. SIMPLE IRA
A Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees Individual Retirement Account (SIMPLE IRA) is an employer-sponsored retirement plan for small companies (less than 100 employees) that is less expensive to administer than a 401(k) or similar retirement plan.
Contributions to a SIMPLE IRA cannot exceed $13,000 per year ($16,000 for those over age 50). Funds from an existing 401(k) plan may be rolled over into a SIMPLE IRA.
2. Choosing the Best Funds and Investments for Your IRA
IRAs can offer a lot more flexibility than 401(k) accounts when it comes to the types of investments you make. Particularly in the case of self-directed IRAs, the choices are nearly limitless. So, if you feel limited by the choice of investments in your current 401(k), a 401(k) to IRA rollover may offer you greater options. But there are a few factors you’ll want to take into account before you make that rollover.
Best Type of Investment Based on Taxes
The type of assets you invest in can make a great deal of difference in your ultimate tax liability. As with any decision you make with regard to taxes, make sure to consult your tax adviser before making any final decision.
a. Stocks
Investing in stocks brings growth in value not just from the appreciation of stock prices, but also from any dividends paid by the company. Those dividends are paid out of after-tax profits, which means that investors pay a reduced tax rate on them. Of course, there are regulations about how long you have to hold those stocks in order to qualify for that rate, so be sure to consult with your tax adviser when it comes time to file.
b. Bonds
While ordinary interest income is taxed at regular income tax rates, interest on certain types of bonds may be tax-exempt. For instance, interest from US Treasury securities is exempt from state income taxes, while state and municipal bonds are normally exempt from US federal income taxes. Making the right bond investment can grow your retirement assets while simultaneously minimizing your tax liability.
c. Precious Metals
Precious metals such as gold and silver that are owned outside an IRA account are subject to capital gains taxes, except that the rates are much higher than the normal capital gains tax rates. Long-term capital gains rates for gold and silver can be as high as 28 percent.
But by investing in gold and silver through a gold IRA rollover or silver IRA rollover, investors can minimize their tax exposure since their distributions will be subject to ordinary income tax rates. Particularly for those in lower income tax brackets, that can result in gold and silver held in an IRA being taxed at a lower rate than if it were not in an IRA. And for those investors who invest in a gold Roth IRA, they won’t be taxed at all on the gains on their gold and silver investments.
Best Type of Investment Based on Risk
Investing in an IRA allows investors a wider array of investment options, which can help them adjust the risk exposure of their portfolio. Some of the risks that investors can hedge against include:
a. Concentration Risk
This is the classic “putting all your eggs in one basket.” Many 401(k) plans allow their participants to invest in a handful of stock funds, but that’s about it. That subjects 401(k) account holders to the risk of being overly concentrated in stocks. Rolling over 401(k) funds to an IRA can help mitigate that risk by offering a wider array of investment options.
b. Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that the entity issuing a bond will default on that bond. Many 401(k) plans don’t offer a whole lot of bond choices, which can leave investors exposed to risky bonds. A 401(k) to IRA rollover can open up a lot more choices to investors and help them invest in safer bonds.
c. Inflation Risk
Inflation risk is the risk that your investments won’t grow faster than the inflation rate. The higher the inflation rate, generally the higher the risk. But even in our current environment of low official inflation rates, many investments can’t outperform inflation. By doing a 401(k) to IRA rollover, investors can choose investment assets whose growth will outpace inflation, or assets like gold and silver that will protect investors’ wealth against depreciation of the dollar through inflation.
d. Currency Risk
Investing in foreign stocks and bonds can bring an element of risk if they’re denominated in foreign currencies. Sudden swings in exchange rates can decimate the value of those investments. But even investments in dollar-denominated assets can be a bad bet if the dollar continues to weaken in the future. Here too investors can choose to invest in gold and silver, which will gain in value as the dollar weakens.
e. Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate changes play a great role in financial markets. The more volatile they are, the more volatile bond prices become. With so much uncertainty surrounding the future of interest rates today, bond investments are becoming increasingly risky as no one knows what the interest rate environment will be at the end of the year, let alone 5, 10, or 20 years from now.
f. Equity Risk
All stocks will rise and fall over the course of trading. But during stock market crashes, all stocks will plummet as money leaves the market. Stock market crashes are cyclical, occur with regularity, and should be expected and hedged against. Moving 401(k) assets into an IRA can help investors reduce their exposure to stocks and therefore lessen the risk that they sustain major losses. Precious metals IRAs can help tremendously here, as gold and silver typically gain value when stock markets drop.
Maximizing Your Retirement Savings
If you plan to retire comfortably, you’ll need to maximize your retirement savings. Leaving money in a 401(k) account that isn’t doing anything is just leaving money on the table. You’re forgoing possible gains and could very well be incurring losses due to low growth and high management fees.
That’s why 401(k) to IRA rollovers have become so popular with so many investors and could be the right choice for you. Why forgo years of gains letting your money sit in an account you don’t look at when you could put it to work growing your wealth?
If you think an IRA rollover is the right choice for you, contact the experts at Goldco today. Their years of experience in helping investors just like you roll over assets into precious metals IRAs can help you grow your wealth too.
Investors who invested in gold and silver during the last financial crisis saw their assets protected throughout the worst part of the crash, and they continued to gain wealth after the recovery began. With another stock market crash on the horizon, shouldn’t your assets be protected? Call Goldco today and learn more about how a 401(k) to IRA rollover can safeguard your retirement dreams.
Rollover IRA FAQ:
What is a rollover IRA?
A rollover IRA is an individual retirement account (IRA) that is funded by moving funds from a 401(k), 403(b), TSP, or similar retirement account into an IRA.
What is the difference between a direct and indirect rollover?/strong>
A direct rollover is one in which funds are paid from one custodian or plan manager to another and are never deposited in the investor’s account. An indirect rollover is one in which funds are paid to an investor and are then subject to the 60-day rule.
Will I owe taxes on my rollover?
You will not owe any taxes on a direct rollover. You will owe taxes on an indirect rollover if you fail to deposit the full amount of your rollover into your new IRA account within 60 days.
What types of retirement plans can I roll over?
A 401(k), 403(b), TSP, or similar retirement account can be converted into a rollover IRA. You can even roll over an existing IRA account into a new rollover IRA.
You can also perform a Roth conversion and roll over those same retirement accounts into a Roth IRA. Or if you have a Roth 401(k) you can also roll that account over into a Roth IRA.
What type of IRA can I roll my money into?
You can roll your money into any IRA, including a traditional IRA, Roth IRA, precious metals IRA, SEP IRA, or SIMPLE IRA. If you roll your money into a Roth IRA then you would need to perform a Roth conversion and pay all appropriate taxes.
Can I contribute to my rollover IRA once it is open?
Yes, you can make contributions to your rollover IRA, up to the maximum annual limit of $6,000 ($7,000 if you’re over age 50). But if you make contributions to your rollover IRA you may not be able to perform a reverse rollover and roll those IRA funds back into an employer-sponsored 401(k) or similar retirement plan.
This article was originally posted on Goldco.
